Research & Development (R&D) Expenditures in Science & Engineering at Universities & Colleges:1980-1986 (in millions of dollars) Characteristic 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986
Total 6,061 7,798 8,508 9,524 10,718
In 1982 dollars(1) 7,152 7,482 7,864 8,527 9,332
Basic research 4,027 5,265 5,638 6,387 7,244
Applied R&D 2,034 2,533 2,870 3,138 3,475
Source of funds:
All governments 4,588 5,577 6,069 6,727 7,536
Institutions' own funds 827 1,256 1,350 1,557 1,774
Industry 237 378 461 543 667
Other 408 587 629 698 740
Fields:
Physical sciences 677 897 992 1,134 1,261
Astronomy 59 74 80 91 96
Chemistry 244 335 368 412 460
Physics 322 414 469 550 622
Other physical sciences 52 74 74 81 83
Environmental sciences 509 619 650 705 774
Atmospheric 67 98 103 110 125
Earth sciences 188 216 226 251 262
Oceanography 172 224 238 260 276
Other environmental 82 81 83 85 112
Mathematical sciences 79 108 124 130 152
Computer sciences 114 175 222 279 315
Life sciences 3,218 4,233 4,617 5,155 5,746
Agricultural sciences 680 896 930 1,029 1,122
Biological sciences 1,030 1,408 1,555 1,698 1,833
Medical sciences 1,414 1,802 1,990 2,260 2,578
Other life sciences 93 128 142 170 213
Psychology 111 139 147 162 180
Social sciences 341 354 372 390 459
Economics 90 96 109 116 132
Political sciences 55 56 56 61 68
Sociology 89 78 75 79 88
Other social sciences 107 124 132 135 171
Other sciences 146 162 176 182 220
Engineering 865 1,111 1,207 1,387 1,609
1. Based on the Gross nation product implicit price deflator.